The Educational and Race Issue on Everyday Use

Final Semester Take Home Test : Everyday Use Auliya Atika F. Auliya Atika F. Mr. Gindho Rizano M. Hum Prose II May 24, 2012 Final Task Examination The Educational and Race Issue in Everyday Use Everyday Use is a part of the short story collection In Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Woman (1973) by Alice Walker (Wikipedia). Alice Walker is an African – American blooded who often made issues about African – American itself mostly in her works . Everyday Use is one of her outstanding work which got many appreciation from literary’s devotees.This story itself is telling about an unlucky family who consist of Mama and her two daughters, where is a quarrel between Mama and her oldest daughter and also how her youngest daughter who have a very self low-esteem perceive any conflicts at their home. For this chance, I want to discuss the related topic which prominent enough to this stories, there are two things I want to discuss, the first is the educational issues betwe en the characters, especially about the contrary among Mama and Maggie with Dee.And the second is race issues which contain in some parts of this story. The characters of Mama and Maggie in this story described is not get a good education facilities because of some unexperctable problem: â€Å"I never had an education myself. After second grade the school was closed down† (page 3). Although she and her youngest sister just couldn’t reach the proper education, her oldest sister, Dee could enjoy school until college now and she even studied in a prestigious boarding Final Semester Take Home Test : Everyday Use Auliya Atika F. school at other city.Dee at her sixteen age already have her own unique style, from head to toe, so bright and colorful, and ever her hairstyle which Mama can’t tolerance it anymore from the bottom of her heart: â€Å"A dress down to the ground, in this hot weather. A dress so loud it hurts my eyes †¦. I feel my whole face warming from the heat waves it throws out† (page 4). Mama actually hopes by sending Dee to the highest level of education, she could get into the moment to share any knowledge as large as Dee got from school: â€Å"†¦we raised the money, the church and me, to send her to Augusta to school. † (page 2).And the best point of expentacy of Mama sending her to school is in order to Dee more appreciate her in any things. Mama hopes Dee could appreciate Mama’s large and manly body, Mama’s dark skin, and how Mama acted like a strong man and she loves it a lots. It is a very simple hope from a mother to a daughter actually, but Dee definitely couldn’t make it at all. Dee just come back home after a long time since the last time she came with her more arrogant style towards her own family. She even greet Mama with the strange greetings language â€Å"Wa-su-zo Tean-o,†, which actually an African language.She comes to home with a strange boy who she introduced to Mama as her boyfriend. Her lofty style towards Mama, and how she threats Mama and Maggie bad, as she’s much better on any points than both of them are the result of what we get from studied on years. She’s just alienated herself and make her own arrogant cogitation about her life. Ironically Maggie who just never left home and having a traumatic problems because of she almost burned of fire at her home in the past. Her body just shuffled when she walks and her chin always bend down. She’s kind of a very nervous girl and just taking anything given to her.She’s very unconfindent with her lack of education and very suffered of her serious shyness towards society out there. Eventhough Mama always says to her that someday she will marry John Thomas and sooner after then will gain her self confident and could be a stronger woman. We can see the ironic contradiction between those two siblings and how education and the lack of it could give them dangerous impact s to their each other life. Final Semester Take Home Test : Everyday Use Auliya Atika F. The race issue also coloring this story in some aspects.Alice Walker itself actually is African-American and like to mold the topic about race on her works. The stories in the collection book where this short stories published is taking the setting place around Walker’s home where contains of cultural mixing between the modern New York City and the East Africa Nation Uganda (Sparknotes). And also the characters in this story possibly reflected the author’s family. Walker is the youngest child of eight children in her family. Shes growing up during 1960’s-1970’s, and during that time she must to do a lot of work in her young age.Woman in this era still expected to do the house works stuff, such cooked, cleaned the house, etc. But it is actually is quite different with this story, because Mama ever tell about how she is doing some works which man used to do it, and in t he actual African-American tradition, it is not suitable for woman who doing the man’s work: I am a large, big-boned woman with rough, man-working hands. . . . I wear flannel nightgowns to bed and overalls during the day. I can kill a hog as mercilessly as a man. My fat keeps me hot in zero weather.I can work outside all day, breaking ice to get water for washing; I can eat pork liver cooked over the open fire minutes after it comes steaming from the hog. One winter I knocked a bull calf straight in the brain between the eyes with a sledge hammer and had the meat hung up to chill before nightfall. (page 1). We can observe the racism elements in this story firstly through Mama’s character. How she described her own appearance and and her life background and also how people think of her: â€Å"Who ever knew a Johnson with a quick tongue? Who can even imagine me looking a strange white man in the eye? (page 2). Another point which indicate the race element in this story is how Mama is comparing the skin color between she and her daughters: â€Å"Dee is lighter than Maggie, with nicer hair and a fuller figure. † (page 2). The African traditional culture in this stories also could be seen in the last part which Mama is arguing with Dee concerning the quilts, as their family heritage. Dee is really wanting the quilts, but Mama keep insistent to grant the grandmother’s command to give them to Maggie, it is a culture or that she keeps Final Semester Take Home Test : Everyday Use Auliya Atika F. n and don’t want to break it: â€Å"I†¦snatched the quilts out of Miss Wangero’s hands and dumped them into Maggie’s lap†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (page 9). The quilts itself used to wear and as a piece of uniforms that Dee’s grandfather wore during the civil war, it could be a symbolizes about Black-American suffering experiences. We could also observe the race issue through Dee’s character. The change of Dee’s n ame into an African name â€Å"Wangero Leewanika Kemanjo† actually because she wants to protest being named after the people who have oppressed her: â€Å"I couldn’t bear it any longer, being named after the people who oppress me† (Page 4)..By changing her name, she seemed doesn’t want to be associated with her family’s culture and she feels freedom after her name have changed. And although her new name is African name, but she doesn’t related it at all into her family. After being a more educational and smart woman who studied until the high level, Dee even felt ashamed with her family reality life: â€Å"She wrote me once that no matter where we â€Å"choose† to live, she will manage to come see us. But she will never bring her friends. † (page 3). She is even unaware to comprehend herself to learn making quilts, a traditional heritage from her family.She just looked the quilts through the material value, not from heritage va lue. Heritage or generation, it is not a symbolize of her family traditions, she just wear it without any meaning at all. Dee’s view on the value of family culture and tradition value seemed very contrast with Mama and her sister, Maggie. Mama and Maggie think that traditions are something eternal and no longer definited as an â€Å"Everyday Use†, it is always planted in their heart and mind as an admiration to their ancestors who have built these traditions since a very long time ago.As in the beginning of the story, Mama as a narrator proudly introduced herself as a strong African-American woman. Obviously we can conclude that the both issues I discuss this time is very related to each other in this story. The first is the educational issue that happened among the main characters, Mama and Maggie with Dee. Mama and Maggie who forced to give up their school since the beginner grade is very contrary with Dee who could continue her study until the high level, college. B ut the high education that Dee could Final Semester Take Home Test : Everyday UseAuliya Atika F. reach apparently couldn’t shape her become into a polite woman and a good children. She’s become arrogant with her high intellectual level, she unaware with her family cultural and traditions and even more underestimate her mother. And although Mama and Maggie are low in educational, but they have a highly appreciation to their own culture and tradition. So, the second issue which is about race could joint to the previous issue, the educational issue. Alice Walker is very famous to drop the race issue in her mostly works.In this story the race issues could we find out through the characteristics of especially Mama and Dee. Dee who have been in the year of college, but her appreciation to their family tradition is become weaker and make her be arrogant and underestimating her own family. Her intellect maybe has been killed her respect. So the education couldn’t determ ine someone become also better in her mindset and behavior. Works Cited Walker, Alice. Love and Trouble: Stories of Black Woman: Everyday Use. 1973 Klarer, Mario. An Introduction to Literary Studies (Second Edition). (London: Routledge, 2004) 103-115. www. wikipedia. org/Everyday_Use

Summary of the Film “The Smartest Guys in the Room”

‘Enron: The Smartest Guys In The Room’ Frauds and financial scandals in the business world were before an Enron’s case and will be after it. That’s in human nature. But a chain of events lead to an enormous shock on the Wall Street and went down in history as one of the biggest business scandals. For a long time sequence of events was a basis for articles and books, documental films and analytic researches. Specialties were retold and discussed by analytics. It was real human tragedy.The film ‘Enron: The Smartest Guys In The Room’ tries to answer the questions that all people somehow connected with the business world were interested in: How it could happened? What are the reasons and who is responsible for that? The film tries to lift the veil. From the beginning of the film it is clearly stated that the Enron case is exceptional. Working in a field of energy and power, having reputation of ‘unsinkable’ ship and demonstrating fasci nating financial results, Enron dramatically collapsed almost in a day. But the beginning of this story is bright and ambitious.Enron represents a company of great promise. The first seconds of the film represent an end of it: John Cliff Baxter committed a suicide, being heartbroken with what was happened. And it was a conviction of the fraud that was happened. After this crucial episode, viewers come to the best years of the Enron. It is a seventh largest corporation in America, valued 70 billion $. It is an innovative business with absolutely new business model. But how it starts? It starts with Ken Lay, who comes to the story of Enron from humble roots. His father is a Baptist minister and their life is rather poor.Probably, his background plays an integral role in having huge ambitions to make wealth of him. Ken Lay wants to change a market of power and energy. He convinces that government is not a solution but a problem to the business. In other words, he involves in the idea o f deregulations. Not only he but other participants of a power and energy business share this outlook. A tendency to deregulations starts to develop in 1985 and in this very moment the Enron is founded. Kay Lay thinks that it would be beneficial for his new company that gas prices float with the currents of the market.That is the power of deregulations. An important episode of Enron is a contribution to the presidential campaign of George Bush, who lately helps to secure money in government subsidies and to promote Ken Lay with idea of deregulations. Trading in oil market considers as a very risky business. But Enron always wins. Even then an improbable success gives a rise to doubt about legality of Enron’s business. Illegal actions start with the president of Enron Louis Borget, who takes about 3 billion $ of corporate funds in his personal account with the help of a treasurer Mastroeni and his phony books.When the rumors become too strong, Mastroeni discloses real books an d it becomes clear that all reserves of Enron are gambled away. This tremendous news is hidden by the bluffing of the market and that is how Enron stays afloat. But a little later Enron is forced to disclose the information about those manipulations and all guilt is focused on Mastreoni and Borget. Mastreoni receives a suspended sentence, Borget spends 1 year in a prison. So who will make money now? The second period of Enron’s history is connected with Skilling, who is a person with the biggest ideas of all. He is a great visionary as a Ken Lay.It is he who comes up with a new idea: make energy a financial instrument like stocks and bonds. And it is like an explosion in the industry. Enron becomes a genius of the industry. All employees are proud of being working in Enron. It is worth mentioning, that it is a moment when SEC approved an implementation of a mark-to-market accounting approach, which allows estimating assets of the company by a market price and not by a real. I t also allows booking potential profit as it is already gained before money comes to Enron. That is the first almost unobservable alarm bell to a room for unethical actions and frauds.If to speak about work environment, it is clearly seen that Skilling is an unconstrained leader. Interesting fact of his power is that when he stops wearing glasses, everyone in the company does the same. But the culture that is cultivated is aggressive and tough, like in a wild nature with the basic instincts of survival of the fittest. Skilling is convinced that money is the only thing that motivates people. He wants employees to show him great results, great profit. Therefore, traders are encouraged to gamble. Making money no matter what the methods are used.Skilling also implements a system of evaluation of employees and every employee who does not meet the demand of Skilling’s vision is fired. As a result of this system, turnover index is 15% that is really negatively impressive. Skilingâ⠂¬â„¢s vision of people is based on the theory of ‘People with spikes’. Only extraordinary and exceptional people deserve his attention and respect. The list of people consists of Ken Rice who is a salesman of Enron; John Cliff Baxter who is very talented but prone to depression (as viewers of the film know, that will be a fatal point in his future).The list continued with Lou Pai – a key skilling lieutenant, working in one of the business units of Enron – Enron Energy Services (EES). His activity is wrapped in a mystery; employees even call him ‘Invisible CEO’. Lou Pai is highly motivated by money. When he loses interest in his work in Enron, put another way, when he achieves a marginal profit, he leaves or better to say escapes from Enron with 250 million $ and becomes the 2nd largest landowner in Colorado. The next stage of Enron is connected with its stocks that are being increased significantly day by day.Everyone wants to play in the mar ket because prices go up and up; there is an illusion that it will never end. The heading of this time is ‘A new day a new record’. By all means, these records have a direct impact on a profit of Enron, which gets higher and higher. But how they get these numbers? It is a questionable issue. In the books everything goes perfect but in reality it was quite the opposite. At this time Enron invests in India that is unreasonably risky. And they fails because India could not afford to pay for the power which Enron offers. As it is said in the fim ‘Failure was not an option’. Hence, Enron hides nsuccessful results in India, continuing show artificial bright results. Later, a merger with electrical company makes it possible for Enron to come into a new deregulated market of California. The company shows unrealistic results: stock price are soared by 34% in 2 days. Analysts were blinded to the doubtful information that is already occurred. It is not an unfortunate occurrence, but it will be disclosed only later. Enron diversifies its activities; in particular, it covers a new market of broadband. But it does not work. It is a mark-to-market accounting that helps Enron to book revenues as it is wanted to be.In reality there are not any revenues. And that is the moment when executives of Enron begin to understand a certainty of collapse; they start to sale their stocks. In other words, they leave a sinking ship. The end is coming. In 2001 dotcom companies undergo massive difficulties whereas Enron is a shining star of an American economy. It is named as the â€Å"most admired† corporation by Fortune magazine. But Enron is a black box. Nobody knows how exactly money is made. Suspicions of falsification of financial statements begin to occur. The next key figure in the Enron’s case is Andy Fostow who is a financial officer.He is motivated by a future career. He tries to please Skilling and therefore he hides debts in artificial comp anies and handles finance so that stock prices continue to going up. Moreover, he encourages 96 individual banks to put their money in LGM (Andy’s artificial company) to somehow change Enron’s situation. Why respectful banks do not suspect illegality? Analytics suppose that they do suspect, but agree to give money because Andy Fastow plays on their greed. They are ‘useful idiots’. Actions cross the line when Skilling responds unethically to one reporter.It is already seeable that Skilling starts to lose his countenance. He does not know how to keep stock prices high. Meanwhile, one more illegal chance to keep Enron’s stock prices takes place. It is called ‘California’. Enron produces an energy crisis. Blackouts take plays; as a result a demand on electricity is soared and so do the prices. Consequently, Enron gets money. These manipulations lead to a lot of domestic problems of citizens of California but nothing changes. During this par t, there is a comparison of Enron’s activity in California with Milgram’s experiment which is quite remarkable.Both ‘experiments’ are about how people can be convinced to do something morally wrong if a person in authority tells them it is his responsibility and he will not be blamed. As in the Milgram’s experiment Enron continues to manipulate with electricity and things become worse and worse. People understand that nothing is left to accident, they blame Enron in this; desperate protests take place. In this time George Bush becomes a president of the USA and therefore with the old beneficial relations Enron does have an easy access to the administration.As a consequence, government does not interfere in the Californian difficulties. People stop believe in Enron and its stocks begin to fall. In this moment Skilling suddenly announces that he resigns from Enron. Employees take this is as a betrayal. One of the employees – Sherron Watkins bec omes aware of the fraud that takes place at Enron. She tries to speak with Ken Lay but he does nothing. Meanwhile Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) starts an investigation and discovers that in reality millions of assets are millions of debts. And it is Andy Fostow who is blamed by all Enrons’ executives for falsifications.It is interesting to note that the same situation was with Borget and Mastreoni in the early 1990s. The end comes in 2001 when Enron declares a bankruptcy. Employees feel that they are on the sinking whip without lifeboats. They lose everything. Cliff Baxter commits a suicide 7 months later. Concerning tragic specialities, $ 1,2 billion in retirement funds and $2 billion in pension funds are disappeared in a matter of weeks. 20,000 employees lose their jobs. Ken Lay and Skilling are under a precise look of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. The congressional committees launch court proceedings.It is the end of the film ‘Enron: The Smartest Gu ys In The Room’. Enron’s tragedy is often compared with Titanic. And that is not just empty words. In both cases there were a lot of warnings of possible danger but ‘ships’ continue a full-speed running. In both cases there were great opportunities but then a combination of human errors and hubris lead to a fatal meltdown. The fall of Enron is a story not only about people but about whole system, consisting of government, financial and business institutions, conditions and relations. All participants in fraudulent actions have their share of a pie.That is why this story is called ‘a story of synergetic corruption’. I am absolutely fascinated by this film, to be precise, by a scale of greed and addiction to money and power. Understanding that characters of this film are the real people and all actions that were showed really took place makes me fascinated even more. To my mind, Enron case is not an aberration; it is a consequence of way of livi ng. It is a ‘dark shadow of the American dream’ as it is said in the film. Therefore, it can be repeated. And it can be us who would be affected by manipulations. That really boggles the mind.

How does Macbeth and Lady Macbeth Change throughout the play? Essay

Introduction In the following essay I will be discussing how Macbeth and Lady Macbeth have changed through out the play and I will outline the incidents that take place to show how they change. Macbeth is first shown at the start of the play, through the second scene with the wounded captain and King Duncan, as a brave and loyal soldier. Everyone thinks well of him, and he is seen as a true hero. He is a brave and bloodthirsty. Then he meets the witches and hears their predictions that he is Thane of Glamis, and will become Thane of Cawdow and then the King. As soon as the witches disappear and, he begins to have thoughts that he really might be king. But the only obstruction is that that Duncan is still alive His best friend Banquo is there as well and the witches predict that he will not become king but his son will. After the predictions Macbeth I very confused he says to him self †The Thane of Cawdor live a prosperous gentlemen, and to be king† (Act 1:3:71/72). He immediately sends a letter to his wife Lady Macbeth telling her everything that happened. At this point Duncan declares Malcolm to be next in line to the throne, Macbeth is angry at this decision †the prince of Cumberland that is a step on which I must fall down or else o’erleap for in my way it lies† (Act 1:4:55/56) Him and his wife start plot the murder. Macbeth is confused and he feels weak at this point of the play he doesn’t want to carry out the murder But when he tells his wife, she so insults him that he changes again, and swayed by her, resolves to kill Duncan and he does, so he is pressured into it by Lady Macbeth. When he finally agrees he is determined to carry out the murder he wants to get it over and done with this is the quote he uses †Bring forth men children only, for thy undaunted mettle should compose nothing but males† (Act 1:7:72/74) at this time his confidence is influencing him. After the murder Macbeth feels regret and remorse for what he has done, so he looks at the blood on his hands and says: â€Å"this is a sorry sight†. Macbeth clearly feels regret for what he has done. The murder is successful and Macbeth becomes King Macbeth, his character starts to change into something more dangerous and harmful. He remembers that Banquo was predicted that his son will become king so Macbeth has to have him killed so when he is out with hi on he hires men to kill him, the men manage to kill Banquo but his son escapes. On that same day Macbeth prepares a banquet to which he invites Banquo but he knows he is dead. At the banquet Banquos seat is empty, Macbeth hallucinates he sees Banquos ghost on his chair and No one else in the room sees Banquo and Macbeth thinks that they are messing with his mind. Macbeth says â€Å"Which of you have done this?† and â€Å"Thou canst not say I did it; never shake thy gory locks at me.† (Act 3: S:48). Macbeth becomes ever more outraged and he starts to yell and scream at everyone in the room. Lady Macbeth senses that something is definitely wrong and she asks everyone to leave immediately. Macbeth’s decline is clearly evident now. After the banquet Macbeth is tied he says †as his host/Who should against his murder shut the door† (Act 1:7:72/74) at this moment his ambition to stay king is influencing him. He then revisits the 3 witches and asks them for more predictions he is angry and eager to find out what else the future holds for him, the escape of Fleance is still on his mind and he is scared in case he returns. The witches predict another 3 things they say to beware Macduff, beware that which is not born of woman, and beware of Birnam woods coming towards him. Macbeth laughs this off. He is not afraid of Macduff, he does not think that anyone can be not born of woman, and he thinks there is no way the woods can get up and move towards him. Macbeth becomes brutal at this stage of the play he has Macduff’s family killed he says † The castle of Macduff I will surprise/ Seize upon Fife†¦His wife, his babes all unfortunate souls/ that trace him in his line†(Act 4:1:149/152) his own ambition makes him do this. Macbeth notices that the prediction of the witches are starting to come true as he realises that the trees are moving closer to his castle he becomes to get worried, Macduff and the kings son Malcolm come back invade Macbeth’s castle. He fights Macduff here is where he finds out what the witches meant by ‘beware that which is not born of woman’ Macduff tells him that he was born by a cesarean which is not a natural birth. Macbeth I defeated and is killed. Conclusion So there are all kinds of changes throughout the play. Shakespeare wanted to create a character who did evil deeds, but was courageous and conscience-stricken, unsure of the rightness of his actions or knowing they are evil but determined to do them anyway. Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is the wife of Macbeth. The first time we see her in the play, she receives a letter from Macbeth talking about three witches and what they said to him. It reads that the witches have predicted that Macbeth will be the new king. At this moment Lady Macbeth starts plotting King Duncan’s murder. Lady Macbeth Lady Macbeth is told that King Duncan will be coming to stay at their place. She is startled by the news and calls on evil spirits to change her and lose her femininity. â€Å"Come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts, unsex me here, and fill me from the crown to the toe top-full of direst cruelty† (Act 1:5:40). She is saying to the evil spirits give me murderous thoughts; make me have no sympathy for humanity at all. When Macbeth arrives Lady Macbeth discusses the plan with him but he thinks it is a bad idea, Lady Macbeth accuses him of being a coward and makes him think he does not love her. â€Å"Wouldst thou have that which thou esteem’st the ornament of life, and live a coward in thine own esteem† ( Act 1:7) Lady Macbeth says she can’t do it because Duncan reminds her of her farther. The plan is to kill Duncan and blame it on the guards Lady Macbeth drugs the guard’s drinks, Macbeth has to leave the daggers there but instead he brings them so Lady Macbeth has to do the job of taking them back. She seems to have no fear about the situation, but she seems to be a bit nervous. The next morning when they discover the King Lady Macbeth puts on an act and pretends to faint this make them look innocent. Duncan’s son’s flea thinking they might get blamed for it but running away makes them even more suspicious. Between Act 2 and 3, Macbeth is crowned King. Macbeth still can’t stop thinking about the murder but Lady Macbeth urges her husband to put the past behind him. She does not know that Macbeth has a plot to kill Banquo. Macbeth has calmed down towards the end of the scene. A banquet is organized by the King and Queen, by now Banquo has been murdered. Macbeth is acting weird and Lady Macbeth makes excuses for her husband. â€Å"Sit, worthy friends.† My lord is often thus, and hath been from his youth† (Act 3:4) are the words that Lady Macbeth explains Macbeth’s actions. The weird behaviour continues in Macbeth so Lady Macbeth urges the guests to leave. She fears Macbeth will say too much. After the banquet, Lady Macbeth is very quiet. She seems tired and worn out maybe it is because of tiredness or even more than that. In Act 5 Scene 1, we see Lady Macbeth again, but this time she has been through different moods. A doctor is called, Lady Macbeth is sleepwalking, she refers to her hands that seem to have specks of blood by saying, â€Å"Out damned spot, out I say! (Act 5:1) She seems haunted by what she has done. The doctor says to call on a priest rather than a doctor and to keep a close eye on Lady Macbeth. Macbeth is now ready to fight a battle, and hears of his wife’s’ illness which cannot be explained.. Since the murder the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth has deteriorated and does not seem to be getting any better. Lady Macbeth is dead. Macbeth feels drained and tells of how she should have died older. Conclusion Lady Macbeth is far more savage and ambitious than her husband, but we can see how weak she gets towards the end of the play, she has two sides to her witch stat to show. So she changed from a very determined and ambitious character to a fragile character he cannot keep the secret any longer.

Management and Organizational Behavior Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management and Organizational Behavior - Essay Example Business organizations are those legal entities that engage themselves in the production of a good or service with the intention of selling it for a profit and are much more focused on the long run survival in achieving organizational goals such as profitability, shareholder satisfaction, market share and share price growth, corporate governance, sustainability, market leadership and so on. However the modern conceptualization of the business organization as a paradigm that sets trends to be followed by societies in which they operate thus influencing the very behavioral dynamics of the members of those societies, is far more revolutionary and thought provoking. It's common practice to construct contingency theoretical and conceptual management frameworks in controlled situations. Thus this framework would encompass a series of endogenous and exogenous variables such as management related conceptual paradigms - management process planning, Human Resource Management (HRM) function, leadership roles, work schedule preparation, quality management function, marketing planning and other related functions. The subsequent framework would engender a theoretically determined structure of aims thus bringing up and addressing related issues. McDonald's has adopted an admixture of employee motivation, organizational leadership and team effort building approaches at its culturally varied network of restaurants in North America and the rest of the world. 2. Analysis George Ritzer (2007) used the term "McDonaldization" in his book "The McDonaldization of Society" for the first time in 1993. According to him social transformation processes can assume such extreme characteristics like that of a fast food restaurant. The contemporaneous paradigm of thought attributed to McDonald's by Ritzer is of theoretical and conceptual significance in the context of the evolving organizational culture. In the first instance the organization's ability to leave an imprint on the societal transformation process by enticing its members to adopt the former's characteristics would inevitably have an impact on the long term organizational outcomes that concern both the society and the organization. McDonald's has become a way of life for some Americans. The same is true for many others in other continents. For instance Asians are highly influenced by McDonald's in their food habits. This subtle and yet highly controversial acculturation process has been at the heart o f the McDonaldization of society.Business organizations operate in their respective environments as determined by organizational structure, culture, leadership, strategic competitive environment and a host of other internal and external influences such as the regulatory framework, PESTEL and SWOT environments. Given the degree of influence under these circumstances, each organization adopts its own leadership style with a view to achieving these organizational goals such as profits, market share growth, higher share prices, quality improvements, brand loyalty, sustainability, benchmarks and so on. These organizational goals can be divided into short term goals and long term goals. Organizational leadership and team building skills play a very significant role here. 2.1. Leadership stylesThere are many different leadership styles in the modern business world and almost every one of them has a particular reason or reasons for its existence. It

Higher Government Spending Must be Good for Growth Essay

Higher Government Spending Must be Good for Growth - Essay Example That’s why this issue regarding government spending is important, if it’s not done properly, the country might face a serious financial crisis. Types of Government Spending There are numerous sources that enable the government to undertake such a big task. It has to get sufficient amount of funds to be invested for economy’s growth. Some of the areas for Government Spending can be Transfer Payments, Investment, Subsidies and Grants etc. (Alexiou and Anastasiadis 12) Transfer Payments are those unrequited payments as no such money is asked for as an exchange when this payment is made. After setting social welfare programs, Governments redistribute income among the deserving people, and these transfer payments are used to provide these incomes. Subsidies given by the government body should not be mixed with these specific payments given. With sound stewardship, along with a high degree of accountability, transparency and integrity, these transfer payments are manag ed by government (Weinbach and Paul 344). ... Another source for government/public spending is ‘Subsidies and Grants’. Government take out a certain proportion from the capital reserves (money collected from taxes or other financial sources) they already have and then spend a certain amount of this money for the welfare and betterment of the society. Usually, these subsidies and grants are used to industrialize a state and encourage business owners to continue their business and economic activities (Nijkamp and Poot 124). Another source for Government spending can be ‘investment’. Investment is the foundation of Economic Growth and increases standard of living in the long run. Investments in human capital, education, labor skills and training, investment in physical capital, infrastructure and lastly investment in innovation, these all types of investments enables the economy to increase its growth and use its resources in the best possible way. Many of the high-income countries exist due to the presenc e of infrastructure in the country and this is mainly due to the investment that takes place (Wahab 135) Potential Benefits Governments make use of numerous grants and subsidies to support employment in the country, either by subsidizing private companies or by providing employment guarantees to the workers. Government procurement has been extensively used from past many years to require ‘fair wages’ from private contractors. In addition to this, government spending on social security benefits produces extra demand, because it gives greater purchasing and spending power to the citizens who would otherwise have very low real incomes and thus, this extra spending power

Argument Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Argument Paper - Essay Example Dry weather caused the bad droughts and the wildfires. When people have enough water they do not think about water. But when people do not have water they suffer. When people do not have water they do not have a good life. In some countries business is in charge of water. Privatization is when a business is in charge of the water in a community. Public water management is when the government has control of the water in a community. Some communities have a combination of business and government in charge of water management. Governments cannot control climate change but they should manage water because then water will not be too expensive, it will be easy for people to find, and people will be healthier. This paper argues for government management of the water industry. the paper identifies the need for affordability, hygiene, and equitable distribution as the major reasons why government should manage the industry because the private sector cannot guarantee the factors. Argument for public water management One of the arguments in favor of public water management is that with public management, water will be cheaper to the consumer. Shah Anup argues that water is the most fundamental of all human rights and should not be treated as a commodity. Private companies should not manage water because they have self-interest in making profits than fulfilling the public’s interest. ... Essie Solomon from Environment Probe shares the opinion that water is essential and is a fundamental right. The author explains that water is one of the â€Å"inalienable rights†; and â€Å"do not come from a government† but must be protected by the government (Solomon 1). Consequently, the government must take the responsibility of water management to ensure that people’s right to access water is protected. Such protection ensures availability and a subsequent affordability of water to all economic classes of people (Solomon 1). Macdonald Nancy argues that it has a great success story, with increased efficiency, quality, reliability, and affordability. She explains that â€Å"privatizing water services is bad for the poor, bad for the environment, and leads to inequitable distribution of water† (Macdonald 1). This is because the poor becomes the most vulnerable due to the profit orientation of the private sector that focuses on delivering quality services to the rich who can promote the sector’s profit motive. According to industry’s track levels, privatization has often led to private companies’ violation of operational standards of water services. These have resulted in high prize fixations which often lead to the poor people consuming contaminated water. In Britain, for example, after privatization, water and sewage bills increased by 67% and water disconnection because of lack of payment rose by 177%. A report by the French government showes that consumer fees increased by a whopping 150% after privatization (Shah 1). Currently, 90 per cent of the world’s water distributions are controlled by the state and records indicate that they are well managed. The

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) - Research Paper Example The present research has identified that RA is an autoimmune disease that means the body immune system is attacking its own tissues. Our immune system uses antibodies to protect us against diseases and infections. However, if people have RA, the antibodies attack the joints. This progressive disease disables the functions of joints and eventually causes the destruction of bones and ligaments. Rheumatoid arthritis is a common rheumatic disease in women than in men. This disease starts at any age, usually after 40 and before 60 years of age. In some families, it transmits genetically from parents to children. It affects multiple family members as genetically inherited. This disease is most common in older people, but children and young adults can also get it. Research shows that there is no exact cause of RA. Doctors are not sure what triggers antibodies to attack the joints. Their research shows that the main cause of this disease is that a person’s immune system attacks own bo dy tissues and causes infections. RA may run in the family. Genes, environment, and hormones may cause this disease. People with rheumatoid arthritis experience chronic swelling, stiffness, redness, and pain in the joints that causes severe joint damage. Patients with this disease may feel tired, sick and sometimes suffer from high fever. It is very difficult to diagnose this disease, as its symptoms are same as other kinds of minor joint diseases and problems. There is no single test to detect this chronic disease. The full symptoms of this disease take time to develop. Common symptoms are painful and swollen joints, especially in hands, feet, and knees. Patients feel difficulty in moving joints.

Issues in Human Sexuality Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Issues in Human Sexuality - Essay Example Traditionally, we believed that the feminine role was an expressive one, and the masculine role as instrumental. Expressive activities of the woman fulfill internal functions, and man, on the other hand, performed the external functions of a family, such as providing monetary support. Gender identity, to a large extent, refers to an individual’s identification with male or female gender roles and behaviors and the labeling of different activities as feminine and masculine, which is largely a social construction based on stereotyped expectations regarding gender and perceived gender differences. It is recognized that individuals’ identification with masculine and feminine personality traits could vary when measured in different contexts or when gender identity was more or less salient to the other variables being examined-as found in the observations. If we closely examine the whole thing, we learn that the gender role is a set of behavioral norms associated particularly with males or females in a given social group or system. All societies, to a certain effect, have a gender/sex system, although the components and workings of this system vary widely from society to society. A persons gender role is composed of several elements and can be expressed through clothing, behavior, choice of work, personal relationships and other factors. There is nothing strange in seeing that people spontaneously categorize stereotypically masculine and stereotypically feminine traits and job labels according to gender even when the task at hand has nothing to do with gender. They are grounded in perceptions of differences between these gender categories.

Walthers Social Information Processing Theory (SIPT) Essay

Walthers Social Information Processing Theory (SIPT) - Essay Example SIPT has developed in reaction to the theories of social presence, media richness, and social cues that criticized CMC. The social presence theory asserts that CMC deprives users of the actual presence of people, which results to CMC that is â€Å"more impersonal, individualistic, and task-oriented† than face-to-face communication (Griffin et al., 2015, p.122). This theory suggests that face-to-face communication has higher social presence than CMC, which results to more personalized and collective communication processes and effects (Noy, Raban, & Ravid, 2006, p.179). Media richness theory states that the bandwidth of the communication medium affects its ability to offer rich relational messages (Griffin et al., 2015, p.122). It insists that CMC has a narrower bandwidth compared to face-to-face communication, so the latter is more capable of successfully building close social relationships. Another theory asserts that CMC filters out social context cues (Griffin et al., 2015, p.122). It asserts that CMC users cannot determine and properly respond to their relative status and that CMC lacks social interaction norms, so CMC users tend to be less controlled when expressing their emotions (e.g flaming easily online since the sender is not in front of the receiver) (Griffin et al., 2015, p.122). In 1992, Walther developed the SIPT to assert that CMC users can maximize the limited cues they have to foster close relationships online (Griffin et al., 2015, p.122). Media richness theory states that the bandwidth of the communication.

Cyber Stalking Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Cyber Stalking - Research Paper Example The trends in cyber-stalking based on 2008 figures also indicate that most of the cases have been carried out in Social Networking sites like Facebook and MySpace and also in Craigslist (Hitchcock, 2009). The trends also indicate an increase in victims aged 18 to 30 and those who are 41 years old and above with most victims being Caucasian, and the rest being Hispanic, Afro-American, Asian, and Native Americans (Hitchcock, 2009). There was also an increase detected in the cases where victims knew their harassers, and this mostly involved ex-spouses or ex-girl/boyfriends (Hitchcock, 2009). Most of the states which registered with the most incidents of cyber-stalking include California and New York with harassers mostly using emails, message boards, instant messaging, phones, texting, blogs, LiveJournal, Friendster, online games, and YouTube as media in harassing their victims (Hitchcock, 2009). With the difficulty of apprehending these criminals, many of these victims are often killed and are physically and psychologically intimidated by their harassers. Based on the above scenario, this paper shall now present the current literature on cyber-stalking. It shall focus on the manner of perpetuation, the difficulties encountered in managing this crime, and the remedies which have been implemented in order to apprehend harassers. A paper by Ogilvie (2001) discusses that cyberstalking is a crime which is similar to the usual forms of stalking in the sense that it uses behavior which causes fear and apprehension on a victim. However, because of new electronic technologies, the traditional methods of stalking have been transformed through the application of other mediums such as emails and the Internet (Ogilvie, 2001). Even without empirical research assessing the incidence and prevalence of cyberstalking, many experts and analysts believe that cyberstalking is actually more common than the traditional form of

Testicular torsion in neonates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Testicular torsion in neonates - Essay Example However, intravaginal torsion testis has also been reported in neonates (Burge). Most of the cases of  torsion testis detected in the new born period are believed to occur inutero (2). Torsion testis  occurs due to loose attachments of the tunica to the scrotal wall (4). It is associated with high birth weight (5). Most of the times, it is unilateral and may be associated with undescended testis. Baby of Gracy Thomas was noticed to have swelling and redness at the right half of the scrotum, 12 hours after birth. The baby was born full term by normal delivery. The birth weight was 3.5 kg. Antenatal scans were normal. On examination, there was redness and swelling over the right testis. No ecchymoses were noted on the skin of the scrotum. The testis was tender, firm and hard to feel. The opposite testis appeared normal. The vital signs were stable and other systems examination was normal. A diagnosis of torsion of the right testes was made and an emergency Doppler ultrasound arranged. Doppler study revealed gross swelling of the testis along with heterogeneous echogenicity. Subtunica fluid was noted and Doppler was absent. This confirmed the diagnosis of torsion testis. The baby was taken in for surgery immediately. On exploration during surgery, there was no evidence of necrosis of the affected testis. Incision of the right testis caused bleeding suggesting the viability of the testis. Detorsion of the right testes was done following which it was fixed to the scrotal wall. Also, orchidopexy of the opposite testis was also undertaken. Intra-operative Doppler study revealed return of blood supply to the testes, thus proving the success of detorsion. Post-sugery, the baby was stable. He was discharged after 2 days and asked to return after a week for follow up. On follow up, examination of the testes were normal. Neonatal testicular torsion can be divided

Immigration and Population Growth Essay Example for Free

Immigration and Population Growth Essay Immigration is when someone or people move to a country from another country. It can be due to various purposes like a student going for study, getting married to a national of another country or to take up an employment. Immigration has been known to cause population growth. Population growth is the quantifiable change of population in an area. Immigration can be defined into two that of high skilled personnel and that of low skilled personnel. Economic impacts of immigration depend on the skills of immigration. The impacts are felt by both the country from which the people are moving from and the country they are going to. Negative Impacts Immigration and population growth causes scarcity of resources. Economics standard definition is the allocation of scarce resources among competing ends. Immigration and population growth makes the task more difficult because it create more competing ends hence bad economic outcome. In other terms if there are more people living in the same land with the same amount of resources then there will be fewer resources and land available per person thus less wealth. There is also overburdening on the infrastructure talk of roads, social amenities like water, hospital beds and others. They existing facilities cannot cope with the increasing population growth before we put into consideration immigration (Holzer, 2005). Immigration and population growth cause wages decrease, this is due to increased labor supply. An increase in labor supply relative to capital supply and supply of natural resources will in a free labor market cause wages to fall. Unemployment is the other major impact of immigration; the local residents miss jobs to the immigrants who come to their country. These create more risk of unemployment. Shortage of affordable housing, this may lead to people living from hand to mouth due to increased cost of living. It in turn reduces chances of investments. Most of the income goes to up keep hence little savings and investment. Environmental degradation due to the huge population growth results to massive loss of biodiversity and wide spread degradation of the landscape. This leads to salinity of t he soil and topsoil erosion this have adverse effects on the productivity of the nation. All these have impacts on the economy in that no people can work while hungry and food is a key element of economic development. If reduced it causes a decline in the work output hence on income of a nation (Nilsson, 2005). Positive Impacts Immigration and population growth produce increased and cheap labor. Many business and public service make use of the skills and hard work of immigrants. Immigrants may never mind the amount of work they do and money they are being paid. This increases the productivity of a county in that they work for more hours and do the kind of jobs the normal civilians of a nation may not be willing to take. This increased productivity improves the income levels of a country hence the living standards are increased. The immigrants are paid declined wages due to saturation of laborers in the market hence the cost of production is low this leads to increased profit to the industries hence to the nation. Immigration increases the economy in terms of labor demand, thus creating new vacancies. Immigration improves the way of life of the residents of the country they move to; they carry out duties that are a bother to the residents like dish washing, cooking, laundry work and many more. Immigration of high skilled personnel fills the labor and skills shortages. These increase the productivity of a country. The skills also improve existing skills and train others hence labor force of a country and reduced threat of immigration (Rowthorn, 2004). Conclusion In conclusion immigration and population growth are interrelated and are beneficial though they also have negative impacts.The benefits depends on the type of skill immigrating. References: Holzer, H. J. , (2005): Economic Impacts of Immigration. Retrieved on 6th Jan, 2009 from: http://www. urban. org/UploadedPDF/900908_Holzer_111605. pdf Nilsson, T. , (2005): Negative economic impacts of immigration and population growth. Retrieved on 6th Jan, 2009 from: http://www. pc. gov. au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/9572/sub009. pdf Rowthorn, R. , (2004): The Economic Impact of Immigration. Retrieved on 6th Jan, 2009 from: http://www. civitas. org. uk/pdf/Rowthorn_Immigration. pdf

Young Children Exercise And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay

Young Children Exercise And Obesity Health And Social Care Essay Above given is a case study of on lifestyle health intervention. It is main case study for the following essay. The essay can be a It shall be a critical analysis of intervention`s design, delivery and those evaluation methodologies, which were being utilized for data gathering or desired outcome measuring the specified study. for this study. A critical discussion (in the light of relevant theories) of activities during developmental phase to evaluation phase of a health intervention shall be the topic of this essay move this line above the previous line.. For discussion, the essay is being divided into three parts. Part one highlights introduction and rationale for the choice of study. The second part explores and critically analyse the key features of the intervention`s methodology, design, and delivery by comparing it with other comparators and relevant literature. Final part covers evaluation methodologies employed to measure the desired outcomes of intervention, includes data collection for measuring outcome, process and fidelity of implementation. Sedentary behaviour is an unhealthy lifestyle. Spending more time in front of computer, TV viewing, video games playing, also not participating in outdoor activities (playing games), inactive parents who also do not support or help their children to be active, bad weather, and lack of insufficient health education in schools and communities are not only helping factors for enhancing this sedentary behaviour but the blame also goes to those cultural environments which promote physical inactivity and excessive eating. Because of this unhealthy lifestyle obesity is growing rapidly in UK. Childhood obesity is dangerous because it tracks into adulthood. In boys and girls aged 2-10 years, obesity increased from 10% in 1995 to 17% in 2005; further 16% boys and 12% girls are overweight (HSE, 2005). Data from National Child Measurement Programme showing that in England 13% children of aged 4-5 and 14.3% children of aged 10-11 are overweight; further 9.6% children of aged 4-5 years and 18.3% c hildren of aged 10-11 are obese. It is very clear that unhealthy lifestyle plays an important role in the development and maintenance for obesity (NCMP/2008). Improving lifestyles is thought to be one of the most effective means of reducing mortality and morbidity in the developed world. However, despite decades of health promotion, there has been no significant difference to lifestyles and instead there are rising levels of inactivity and obesity (Kathryn Thirlaway, 2008). In UK even majority of adults 37% of men and 25% of women are meeting the government target of at least thirty/30 minutes of intense physical activity for five/5 days per week but still there is a considerable public health burden due to physically inactive people. Every year more than 356,000 people are dying due to different cancers and cardiovascular diseases. Physical inactivity is not only responsible for this death toll but is one of major cause (Steven Allender et al, 2006). According to chief medical statement physically active people can reduce up to 50% risk of having any major disease like cancer and cardiovascular diseases but they can also prolong their liv es up to 20% to 30% (D.O.H, 2004). Unhealthy lifestyle has become a public health problem because of its association with major diseases. This is the reason for promoting healthy lifestyle different governments in United Kingdom have been introducing different interventions. In policy forms and in different schools and community based settings. Healthy weight, healthy life, child measurement programme, change 4 life, and in past LEAP project (Local Exercise Action Pilots), changes in schools curriculum for making physical activities and health education compulsory, providing healthy meals in schools and the most recent policy over salt usage are some of the great examples. To tackle above mentioned catastrophe there is an acute need of intervention. According to government policy for health promotion, an evidence based strategy for promoting healthy lifestyles is underpinning with national and local health improvement policies. Any intervention that can help in preventing obesity should be given high value. Because it is well known, in the absence of any intervention 50% of obese children will become obese adults (National audit office London, 2001). By following the health promotion principle of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health (W.H.O 2005), many theories explain health behaviour and a change in health behaviour. Health Belief Model (HBM), Theory of Reasoned action, social learning and Transtheoretical (stages of change) Model, theory of health education are the examples. All of them are underpinning the practise of health promotion. Understanding of these theories is very essential while developing or designing health behaviour change intervention as the theory is logical place to begin (John kemm et al.) and theories provide bases for study design. National Institute of Health also argues that a theory is a systematic way of understanding events or situation and needs to be applicable to broad verity of situation, (NIH, 2005). This mean theories provide bases and a structure of knowledge can be built upon. For example theory of health belief model by focusing on individual`s perceptions of benefits and threats to his/her health further explains that a person`s attitude is determined by his/her knowledge and on that bases he/she acts. This means that, when person gain knowledge about something that influence the attitude and on that basis a change (step wise) in his/her actions occur. Therefore, theoretical understanding of change while developing intervention is also very important. For example, for this study (MAGIC) the concept of enhancing physical activity was being derived by the theory of health belief model (HBM) and by adopting health education model approach, an attempt of behaviour change among school children was being made. The MAGIC example is reflecting that for the study the theory of health belief provided a base and on that a health education model was being built. Basically, by following health promotion principal the MAGIC programme was being designed to promote healthy lifestyle with the help of health educa tion. Using scientific research as a base for developing sound practices in public health is called evidence based approach, which integrates research and practice (Liz Trinder et al. 2000). Was there any need for developing an intervention to improve physical activity among young children? Is MAGIC program evidence based? These questions can be answered by evaluating an intervention at developmental stage. For example, a literature search (systematic review and meta-analysis) for gathering the relevant evidences had been conducted for MAGIC programme. For the purpose researchers had set an inclusion and exclusion criterion for similar case studies to conduct a systematic review and that is systematic way of evidence finding. It was very important to search for those evidences which would help them in not repeating those mistakes while developing a design which had been causing failure previously. Therefore, it was very important to know what had been done so for. What kind of methods and designs had been used or what was already known about similar interventions and what needed to be done more or different. So the evidence based strategy can be adopted from different perspectives, of a researcher`s like creating hypothesis and design building which further maximise the strength of design and can even helpful in programme delivery. A logical model can be built on the bases of evidences which further can forecast the outcome of an intervention.

Tax on Negative Externality

Tax on Negative Externality In the free market nowadays, allocating the scarce of resource and allow the market to forces supply and demand to set prices is the very view of the government. Therefore, protect property right, maintain the value of the currency had become the role of the government. Improvements in allocative, dynamic efficiency and productive are often deliver by the competitive markets. The erosions for policy intervention are mainly to correct for market failure, attain a more equitable distribution of income and wealth to enhance the achievement of the economy. There are many methods the intervention can take place. For example are the laws on minimum age for buying cigarettes and alcohol. The government appointed utility regulators who may levied taxation on certain goods. Per-unit tax can be defined as a fixed amount for each unit of good and service sold. Per-unit taxes are often imposed on specific goods, services or markets such as non-alcoholic beverages, gasoline, alcohol and cigarettes for particular reasons. An ordinary reason is to advocate the allocation effect. This means that the government discourage the production, consumption or exchange of the specific merchandise. Non-alcoholic beverages, gasoline, alcohol and cigarettes are also known as excise tax. Excise tax can be deliberate as an indirect form of taxation. This is because the government indirectly apply the tax to the consumer. This tax is normally passed on the consumer as the normal cost of doing business. For example, if a bottle of wine costs $10. It may have a specific excise tax imposed onto it which is $2. This additional cost of the wine would be levied onto the consumer, making the market price to be at $12 for per bottle of wine. Government imposed a tax onto it is because alcohol is bad for our health. Therefore, a tax levied onto it may reduce the consumption of some consumer. Taxes are kind of a significant sources of revenue for government. On the other hand, taxes would decrease the supply curve and demand curve in the market because sellers obtain less revenue for their product and buyers would need to pay a higher price for the goods they want. Occasionally, government will try to reduce the burden of the tax for sellers and buyers due to a high exes for sellers or buyers if the government set the tax for only one of them. For example, the federal government does with the payroll tax. The government require both of the labors and firms to pay half of the taxes. The rationale behind why governments would want to impose a per-unit tax on buyer or seller of certain goods. Firstly, let’s say about excise taxation. Excise is a taxation which is enforced to a narrow base of goods and services which are seen to have harm associated with their expenditure, such as tobacco, alcohol, fuel, motor vehicles, and in some other countries to wider the range of products. For example soft drinks, coffee and tea. Government use such goods taxes to achieve multiple objectives. And also excise tax are used by government to generate revenues. For the most common example, tobacco, government impose three types of tax on tobacco. One of the types is excise tax. While government enforce a wide diversity of taxes on tobacco products, it is the unique taxes to tobacco products called tobacco excise taxes that straight away effects the comparative prices of tobacco products. Therefore, it has an extreme control on tobacco use. As evidence, governments using a higher tobacco taxes as a means to discourage its use after it has assembled about the health and economic consequences. Historically the elementary objective of tobacco taxes has been revenue generation. Furthermore, non-alcoholic beverage is also one of the common example for governments would want to impose taxes on this goods such as sugar-sweetened beverage (SSB). The rate of the sugar-sweetened beverage among adults and children are constantly increasing in United States. Take more sugar-sweetened beverage could cause heart disease, diabetes, obesity and also dental decay. To raise the obesity prevention and to reduce the ingestion of sugar-sweetened beverage in United States, the American Public Health Association should have to support the government and federal in impose an excise tax on sugar-sweetened beverage and it would raise the price of all the sugar-sweetened beverage in the States. After a research, it shown that sugar-sweetened beverage are price elastic. It is probable that if government raise the beverage price by 10% would decrease the intake of sugar-sweetened beverage by 10% as well. However, reduce in intaking of sugar-sweetened beverage, tobacco, alcohol and others unhealthy products is likely only if the consumer aware of the prices increases before they pay. So government are preferred able to impose excise tax than a sales tax. An excise tax are impose on the beverage manufacturing which will straight away pass the cost to customers so that they would aware of the price increases. Excise taxes is a kind of taxes on particular products only. This elastic demand pushed the tax burden on the sellers instead of buyers. Nevertheless, there are some goods which demand is inelastic because there are no good that is close substitutes, such as alcohol and tobacco. In conclusion of excise tax, the tax burden for his few goods falls more on the buyers than the sellers. Elasticity is a measure of responsiveness of quantity demanded or quantity supplied to a change in one of its determinants. Price elasticity of Demand is a measure of responsiveness of quantity demanded towards changes in price. Many products are subject to taxes. For example, goods such as tobacco, alcohol, and fuel. Here we see the consequences of indirect taxes on costs and the significant of price elasticity of demand in that determines the effects of a tax on price and quantity. Tax increases the costs of a business causing the supply curve to shift left or decreases. The distance between the original supply curve and the after tax supply curve shows the per unit tax. With an indirect tax, the supplier can pass on some or all of the tax to the consumer by increasing the price of the good. This depends on the elasticity of demand and supply and it is known as shifting the burden of the tax and In the diagram on the left, the demand curve shows that the price is elastic. This makes the producer bear more of the tax burden. When the demand is elastic, the effect of tax is to raise the price however there will be a big reduction in equilibrium quantity. The quantity decreases from Q1 to Q2 as shown in the diagram in the left. In the diagram on the right, the demand curve shows that the price is inelastic. Price elastic demand is more than one in most parts of the demand curve. The producer is then able to pass on most of the tax to the consumer by increasing the price without losing too much sales because when a good is inelastic, the consumer still has to buy although the price increases. This is shown in the diagram on the right when price increases by a lot, the quantity demanded only decreases by a little. Price elasticity of Demand, in combination with Price elasticity of Supply, can be used to find the incidence or burden of a per-unit tax is falling or to foresee where it will fall if the tax is levied. For example, when demand is perfectly inelastic, that means that consumers need the good and that the good is a necessity, so the quantity demanded remains consistent. Suppliers usually will increase the price by the full amount of the tax, and then the consumer will bare the full amount of tax. But when demand is perfectly elastic, that means there are other substitutes for the consumer or they can buy it cheaper somewhere else, this causes consumers to stop buying the good or service in question completely. Therefore, firms cannot pass the tax at all by raising prices, so they will have to pay for the tax themselves. In conclusion, many products are subject to taxes. With an indirect tax, the supplier can shift the burden of the tax to the consumer by increasing the price of the good. When the price is elastic the producer will bear more of the tax burden. When the price is inelastic. Price elastic demand is more than one in most parts of the demand curve. The producer can pass on most of the tax to the consumer by increasing the price without losing too much sales because when a good is inelastic, the consumer still has to buy although the price increases. We now know that price elasticity of demand can be used to find the incidence or burden of a per-unit tax is falling or to predict where it will fall if there is tax. There are different kind of tax charge is different country but there do have some similar benefit. As we should know, no one lives in isolation, tax benefit to everyone do not matter to the size of income. In Malaysia, more than 20 million car and citizen and benefit the travel on a public highway as some of the tax collected was use for road built, local road fund, maintained and more. Beside public used by citizen, New Mexico government provide education by using tax collected. Children in New Mexico benefit more than 47% which attend public school. The cause of government in New Mexico by giving such amount of tax on education is because it benefit the country in the future with more educated person. Besides that, student which attend college and university in New Mexico benefit 17% of the tax collected to help decreasing unemployment in the future by providing college graduates qualify for a job or even a better job. Children in Malaysia do have the same benefit on attend public school with free charge of education. Besides that, many people pay insurance or security for safety on their own as safety is very important to everyone. Therefore, citizen in New Mexico had an advantage by benefit another 7% of the tax collected provided fund police and other law-enforcement units. Some health support come from the text collected as the government in New Mexico gave 20% of the tax collected to help families through work of the Department of Health and human Service. Therefore, citizen have more than the benefit to build up a better future for the country as finally, 40% share of the gross receipts taxes collected by the state and distributed to local and country governments. Tax increase reduces the quantity trade and some of the gains from trade. While taxes increasing, price of buyer increase and the price to the seller falls cause the consumer surplus and producer surplus (profit) falls. Besides that, in the supply and demand theory, per unit tax does not matter much because buyer cares only the total price paid which is the amounts of supplier gets plus tax and the sellers cares more of the net to supplier which is price of buyer paid minus tax. Furthermore, tax reduce the quantity traded and some of the gains from trade. While the price of buyer rises causes the consumer surplus falls and the price of the seller falls causes the producer surplus (profit) falls. But then the losses captured in the form of the tax can be exchange were there no tax while the unit of those units is given by demand, and the marginal cost of the units is given by the supple. These lost gains from trade are known as a deadweight loss. Because of the tax interference in the market is the buyers values minus the sellers costs of units that cannot be trade in economic. Loss to society were represents to show the important of deadweight loss. In the sense can be view as an opportunity cost of taxation, money collect from people to obtain a dollar tax revenue actually costs society more than a dollar. The costs of the raising tax revenues include the money raise, tax collectors and government agencies to administer tax collection and deadweight loss are the example of direct cost of collection which create the incentive effect of taxes and decrease the gain of trade. The concept of effective need to be discussed in the situation of what the tax is trying to accomplish in terms of government policy. For example, in the situation of non-alcoholic beverages, it can be expected that objectives of a discriminatory tax on this products would be to raise revenue or externalize perceived harm from consumption, or both. The term of discriminatory taxation, such as excise on non-alcoholic beverages, most of it in sweetened drinks has been subject of much debate in recent years. Taxes on such products have been imposed or expel, and in certain countries are being considered. As discriminatory taxation, an excise impose on sweetened soft drinks may raise tax revenues from this single category of products. It may also operate to change the consumptions of the product through the consequential growth in its price. Secondly, government impose three types of tax on tobacco. One of the types is excise tax. It is a good source of revenue and the dominant opinion is that people who smoke should be responsible for paying the costs that their use imposes on society. Human being need not tobacco for survival. The reason government levied excise tax on tobacco because it can raise the revenue for government and control smoker from buying cigarettes. Higher taxes are useful in reducing the use in tobacco among the youth and lower’s income groups. However, it has an extreme control on tobacco use. As evidence, governments have increasingly using a higher tobacco taxes as a means to discourage its use. A per unit tax often imposed taxes on a specific markets or goods. There are few types of taxes in economies. The most common per unit tax is excise tax which are usually imposed on those goods and services that seen to be have harmful associate. As the example above, tobacco and sugar-sweetened beverage are encourage to levy excise taxation. Furthermore, the price elasticity of demand measure a responsiveness of quantity demanded to change in price of the good. That means, when the prices are elastic, the more burden would goes to producer and also when the prices are inelastic, consumer will bear more of the burden. Moreover, there are few benefits such as citizen can enjoy education by using tax collected in Mexico. New Mexico government provide some collected tax to help families. Other than benefits there is also some drawbacks of per unit tax which are tax could reduce the quantity traded and there will be a deadweight loss occur. Lastly, the theory signified that the excise ta xation structure will have an important consequences on government to accomplish multiple objectives.

Coal Mining and Its Impacts Essay -- Coal Dangers Mines Essays Papers

Coal Mining and Its Impacts Coal is a hard, black colored rock-like substance. It is made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and varying amount of sulphur. Coal was form as decomposition took place in the absence of oxygen and much of the hydrogen content of the matter was eroded away, leaving a material rich in carbon. The material was compressed over the years by sand and dirt, leaving the form of a carbon known as coal. The different types of coals are Anthracite, bituminous, lignite, peat, coke, and charcoal. Coal is mined out of the ground and used to produce energy. However, they are many deaths, injuries, and sickness involved in mining coal. The earliest known use of coal was in China. Coal from the Fun-Shun mine in northeastern China may have been used to smelt copper as early as 3,000 years ago. Since then there have been several deaths and injuries in mining coal. â€Å"In 1966, an unstable waste tip from the Merthyr Vale mine in Wales released an avalanche of sludge over the village of Aberfan, engulfing not only houses but the primary school, killing 114 children†( Boyle, Everett, & Ramage p. 165). In Britain in the mid-nineteenth century it was estimated that one in every miners would face a fatal accident before completing their mining career. â€Å"1913 saw Britain’s worst mining disaster, with 439 miners killed in an explosion at the Senghenydd mine in Walse†( Boyle, Everett, & Ramage p. 165). It is important to note that the work of a coal miner is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world. The life expectancy of a miner is very low. Mining coal involves going underground to remove coal on to conveyor belts. The deeper the miners go the higher the potential for a disaster becomes.... ...use surface mining which uses machine instead of people to extract coal. The coal companies could provide incentive to workers that suffer from pneumoconiosis. Protective clothing and face mask could also be enhancing to ensure workers safety in coal mining. With government policies and public support the fatalities involved with mining coal could decrease within the next few years. Reference Page Boyle, G., Everett, B. & Ramage, .J. (2003) Energy System and sustainability. United Kingdom: Open University Energy Matters(2003) Energy Matters: Fossil Fuels-coal. Retrieved February, 8, 2007. From http://library. Thinkquest.org Zou CQ, Gao Y, Ma Y. (1997). Pneumoconiosis in China: Asian-Pacific News Letter on Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved February, 8, 2007, From http://www. China/pneumoconiosis.org Coal Mining and Its Impacts Essay -- Coal Dangers Mines Essays Papers Coal Mining and Its Impacts Coal is a hard, black colored rock-like substance. It is made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and varying amount of sulphur. Coal was form as decomposition took place in the absence of oxygen and much of the hydrogen content of the matter was eroded away, leaving a material rich in carbon. The material was compressed over the years by sand and dirt, leaving the form of a carbon known as coal. The different types of coals are Anthracite, bituminous, lignite, peat, coke, and charcoal. Coal is mined out of the ground and used to produce energy. However, they are many deaths, injuries, and sickness involved in mining coal. The earliest known use of coal was in China. Coal from the Fun-Shun mine in northeastern China may have been used to smelt copper as early as 3,000 years ago. Since then there have been several deaths and injuries in mining coal. â€Å"In 1966, an unstable waste tip from the Merthyr Vale mine in Wales released an avalanche of sludge over the village of Aberfan, engulfing not only houses but the primary school, killing 114 children†( Boyle, Everett, & Ramage p. 165). In Britain in the mid-nineteenth century it was estimated that one in every miners would face a fatal accident before completing their mining career. â€Å"1913 saw Britain’s worst mining disaster, with 439 miners killed in an explosion at the Senghenydd mine in Walse†( Boyle, Everett, & Ramage p. 165). It is important to note that the work of a coal miner is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world. The life expectancy of a miner is very low. Mining coal involves going underground to remove coal on to conveyor belts. The deeper the miners go the higher the potential for a disaster becomes.... ...use surface mining which uses machine instead of people to extract coal. The coal companies could provide incentive to workers that suffer from pneumoconiosis. Protective clothing and face mask could also be enhancing to ensure workers safety in coal mining. With government policies and public support the fatalities involved with mining coal could decrease within the next few years. Reference Page Boyle, G., Everett, B. & Ramage, .J. (2003) Energy System and sustainability. United Kingdom: Open University Energy Matters(2003) Energy Matters: Fossil Fuels-coal. Retrieved February, 8, 2007. From http://library. Thinkquest.org Zou CQ, Gao Y, Ma Y. (1997). Pneumoconiosis in China: Asian-Pacific News Letter on Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved February, 8, 2007, From http://www. China/pneumoconiosis.org Coal Mining and Its Impacts Essay -- Coal Dangers Mines Essays Papers Coal Mining and Its Impacts Coal is a hard, black colored rock-like substance. It is made up of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and varying amount of sulphur. Coal was form as decomposition took place in the absence of oxygen and much of the hydrogen content of the matter was eroded away, leaving a material rich in carbon. The material was compressed over the years by sand and dirt, leaving the form of a carbon known as coal. The different types of coals are Anthracite, bituminous, lignite, peat, coke, and charcoal. Coal is mined out of the ground and used to produce energy. However, they are many deaths, injuries, and sickness involved in mining coal. The earliest known use of coal was in China. Coal from the Fun-Shun mine in northeastern China may have been used to smelt copper as early as 3,000 years ago. Since then there have been several deaths and injuries in mining coal. â€Å"In 1966, an unstable waste tip from the Merthyr Vale mine in Wales released an avalanche of sludge over the village of Aberfan, engulfing not only houses but the primary school, killing 114 children†( Boyle, Everett, & Ramage p. 165). In Britain in the mid-nineteenth century it was estimated that one in every miners would face a fatal accident before completing their mining career. â€Å"1913 saw Britain’s worst mining disaster, with 439 miners killed in an explosion at the Senghenydd mine in Walse†( Boyle, Everett, & Ramage p. 165). It is important to note that the work of a coal miner is one of the most dangerous occupations in the world. The life expectancy of a miner is very low. Mining coal involves going underground to remove coal on to conveyor belts. The deeper the miners go the higher the potential for a disaster becomes.... ...use surface mining which uses machine instead of people to extract coal. The coal companies could provide incentive to workers that suffer from pneumoconiosis. Protective clothing and face mask could also be enhancing to ensure workers safety in coal mining. With government policies and public support the fatalities involved with mining coal could decrease within the next few years. Reference Page Boyle, G., Everett, B. & Ramage, .J. (2003) Energy System and sustainability. United Kingdom: Open University Energy Matters(2003) Energy Matters: Fossil Fuels-coal. Retrieved February, 8, 2007. From http://library. Thinkquest.org Zou CQ, Gao Y, Ma Y. (1997). Pneumoconiosis in China: Asian-Pacific News Letter on Occupational Health and Safety. Retrieved February, 8, 2007, From http://www. China/pneumoconiosis.org

The Physics of Skiing Essay -- Sports Athletics Essays

The Physics of Skiing I have been skiing for about five years and I find it to be one of the most fun and challenging sports there is. A lot of the reason it is so challenging is because of the laws of physics such as gravity and friction. In this essay I will discuss how physics relates to skiing and how this physics makes skiing so fun and challenging. I will also discuss how things like wax and the shape and width of your skis can affect these laws of physics and enhance your skiing. There are really only two main forces acting on a skier, they are gravity and air resistance. The first and most important thing relating to the physics of skiing is the law of gravity. Gravity is the most familiar force in our everyday lives it is the force that keeps us on the ground it is also the force that makes things fall. We have all heard the saying, â€Å"what goes up must come down.† This saying is relating to gravity. Near the earths surface the acceleration due to gravity is 9.8 m/s^2. When you ski you are taken up to the top of a mountain by a chair lift once you reach the top of the mountain gravity wants to pull you back down the mountain. These forces of gravity and air resistance are what make skiing happen. The air resistance of a skier has a huge effect on how fast a skier is going to go. Air resistance is major factor in ski racing. A skier may reduce his or her air resistance by skiing in a tucked position. This reduces the amount of area that the wind has to hit, thus creating less drag and causing the skier to go a lot faster. Some world class skiers even have helmets that come to a point a few inches behind their head like an airplane wing to further reduce their drag. The reason that gravity is able to pull ... ...I would ski everyday if I could. I am so glad that there are such things as gravity, friction, air resistance, and kinetic and potential energy because without some of these skiing would not even be possible and without the others skiing would be really boring. If there were no gravity or kinetic and potential energy skiing could not exist. If there were no friction you would not be able to stop, and if there were too much friction you would not be able to move. And last but certainly not least if there were no air resistance there would be no ski racing. If nobody had any air resistance and they all just went straight down the hill they would all go about the same speed. There would be no way of going into a tighter tuck to go faster that another person. You may have never thought that if there were no such thing as physics there would be no skiing but it is true.

Baltimore Museum of Art: Photography of the 1960’s

The exhibit we went to see was a gallery walk. It was an exhibit of pictures and the artists who produced the photos, and the meaning of the photos. We enjoyed it because it was particularly interesting how the 1960’s was portrayed through photography. It showed not only white Americans but African-Americans making it easily relatable. It showed hard times, fun times and how they made the hard times fun times. The strengths in the exhibit were the realistic ideas. These were some of the earliest photographs in history they weren’t just paintings or portrayal of the good life in these times.You always read about history and what happened in what times, but these photos in this exhibit showed it firsthand. A lot of the photos were open for interpretation. When you first walk into the exhibit a particular set of photos catch your eye. The photographer was Carrie Mae Weems, and the photos were entitled â€Å"From Here I Saw What Happened and I Cried† along with †Å"House/Field/Yard/Kitchen†. The photos were red and appeared to be African American slaves. Each had a word on top of it â€Å"house, field, yard or kitchen† and on each side of the sets of photos appears to be an African woman with the text â€Å"I Cried†.Weems wanted it to be interpreted as the racial oppression and suffering. She also wanted it to be reinterpreted by the generations. We saw it as how far African-Americans had come along while others in the past may have seen it as sad and dreary because of everything African-Americans went through to get where they are now. A weakness of the exhibit, in our opinions which can be debated was the experimentation with photography. Although it may seem interesting to a few, a stabbed up, burned up paper did not exactly fit in with the ideas of the other photos.Photographer Marco Breur in his photo Shot (C-917) used glue guns, blow torches and razor blades to photosensitive paper. It was a unique work of art and a s he aimed cannot be reproduced but took away from the actual meaning of the photography in this exhibit which was to emphasize the times and living in the 1960’s. This exhibit can relate a lot to what we have recently been learning in class. It can also relate to past readings. This photography shows things from slavery all the way out to liberalism.There were also a lot of photos displaying gender roles. There is a photo of a house with legs and high heels. It was entitled, â€Å"The Walking House†. This photo can be interpreted many ways. The photographer Laurie Simmons was trying to display that women in this time were inseparable to their domestic roles at home. Even though this exhibit was entitled, â€Å"Photography of the 1960’s† a lot of the photos displayed the changing of generations. It went from slavery up until the 1970’s. It was a very interesting exhibit.We observed all the people who were around us. It wasn’t only field trip s of academics; people actually came to the museum just to see this particular exhibit. We would recommend it to others but only this exhibit. Although it wasn’t required after we viewed this exhibit we explored the rest of the museum and it was boring. It was all statues and artifacts from different countries. This particular exhibit explored American History. It wasn’t just textbook reading and lectures, we got to view it and interpret it as if we were there.

Enthalpy of Combustion Lab Report Essay

Aim: The aim of the following experiment is to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol when one mole of ethanol is burned completely with the help of a spirit lamp for a time period of one and a half minutes. Background: Specific Heat Capacity is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1g of a substance by 1K. ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Differs from substance to substance. ? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Water = 4.18 J g-1 K-1? à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Ethanol = 2.4 J g-1 K-1 The data booklet value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is -1371 KJ/mol. Apparatus: Instrument / Chemical: 1. Spirit lamp containing ethanol 2. Copper Calorimeter 3. Distilled Water 4. Stop Watch (?0.01s) 5. 1?50cm3 beakers 6. Retort Stand 7. Digital Thermometer (?0.1) 8. Digital Electronic Balance (?0.01g) 9. Stirring rod Method: 1. The mass of the spirit lamp containing ethanol is first determined accurately with the help of the digital electronic balance and is recorded as M1 (?0.01g). 2. Then a copper calorimeter is taken and the mass of the empty calorimeter is first determined. Then the calorimeter is filled with distilled water and the mass of the calorimeter along with water is then recorded. The two readings are then subtracted to determine the mass of the distilled water used in the experimental procedure with the help of the digital electronic balance and is recorded as M3 (?0.02g). 3. Then the calorimeter containing the water is placed on top of the retort stand and the digital thermometer is used to record the initial temperature of the water alone with the help of the digital thermometer and is recorded as T1 (?0.1). 4. Then the spirit lamp is lit and is placed on top of the beaker below the retort stand in order to maintain a steady position of the lamp underneath the calorimeter containing the distilled water. 5. The spirit lamp is allowed to burn for a fixed time period of one and a half minutes while the water in the calorimeter is continuously stirred using the stirring rod; after which the final temperature of the water in the calorimeter is measured with the help of the digital thermometer and is recorded as T2 (?0.1). 6. After the entire procedure the final mass of the spirit lamp containing ethanol is measured with the help of the digital electronic balance and is recorded as M2 (?0.01g). Hypothesis: The given experimental procedure is hypothesised to be a highly exothermic reaction as when ethanol is burnt in air the reaction gives out energy in the form of heat. When the spirit lamp (ignited) is placed directly below the calorimeter containing water, the heat energy released will result in a rise in temperature in the distilled water in the calorimeter. Variables: a). Independent Variables: 1. The amount of ethanol used in the experimental procedure is an independent variable. In each of the five trials, the amount of ethanol used differs and this helps in providing a variety of results and making the experiment more accurate. 2. The calorimeter in which the distilled water has been placed for each trial in the experimental procedure is an independent variable. This has been changed for each trial in order to provide more accuracy to the experiment. 3. The mass of the distilled water used in the experimental procedure is an independent variable. This has also been changed for each trial in order to provide a variety of results and cover all aspects of the experimental procedure. b). Dependant Variables: In the conducted experimental procedure, the temperature of the measured mass of water in the calorimeter is the dependent variable. As the amount of ethanol used in the experimental procedure differs, the temperature of the mass of water will also change depending on the amount of ethanol used. c). Controlled Variables: 1. The time for which the measured mass of distilled water is heated is kept constant as one and a half minutes throughout the experimental procedure. This is done to provide an accurate experiment. 2. The entire experiment is conducted in the same environment on the same day and in a secure room. 3. The stopwatch used for each trial has also been kept constant throughout the experimental procedure. 4. The thermometer used for each trial has also been kept constant throughout the experimental procedure. Observations: 1. The ethanol was burnt with a yellow flame. 2. Some black soot was formed on the bottom of the calorimeter after the spirit lamp was placed underneath it in the experimental procedure. 3. It was noted that when the mass of the spirit lamp was noted in the beginning of the experiment, the lamp was not warm. However after the ethanol was burnt and the mass of the spirit lamp was once again being recorded, the lamp was warm at the end of the experiment. 4. It was noted that while the spirit lamp was placed on the beaker perpendicularly below the calorimeter containing the distilled water, one could feel the warmth of the flame when one put out the flame after a period of one and a half minutes. Raw Data: Initial mass of spirit lamp = M1, Final mass of spirit lamp = M2, Mass of distilled water used in the experimental procedure = M3, Initial temperature of water = T1, Final temperature of water = T2, The following table N1 shows the raw data that has been recorded in order to determine the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol while conducting the following experimental procedure: Processed Data: Mass of ethanol that has been used and burnt completely = M1 – M2 = MF, Rise in Temperature of the distilled water when the spirit lamp is placed directly below the calorimeter = T2 – T1 = TF, The following Table N2 gives the values of the mass of ethanol that has been used and the change in temperature of the distilled water solution. Sr. No. MF (?0.02g) TF (?0.2) 1. 168.50 – 166.85 = 1.65 38.2 – 27.2 = 11.0 2. 166.85 – 165.61 = 1.24 45.4 – 37.4 = 8.0 3. 159.00 – 157.50 = 1.50 36.2 – 26.5 = 9.7 4. 157.50 – 155.75 = 1.75 45.8 – 35.8 = 10 5. 155.75 – 154.44 = 1.31 51.1 – 44.3 = 6.8 For all five cases, molar mass of ethanol Mm, C2H5OH Amount of ethanol burnt = MF/Mm = A1, Heat energy required to raise the temperature of water by TF = M3 ? TF ? 4.18 = H1, Heat energy evolved by burning A1 moles of ethanol = H2, Heat energy evolved by burning 1 mole of ethanol = H2/A1 = H3, Enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol = The following table N3 gives the processed data for the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol: Sr. No. A1 (mole) H1 (Joule) H2 (Joule) H3 (Kilo Joule) (KJ/mole) 1. (1.65 ? 46.1) = 0.00358 (4.18 ? 11 ? 78.22) = 3597 3597 (3597 ? 0.00358) = 1005 – 1005 2. (1.24 ? 46.1) = 0.00269 (4.18 ? 8 ? 78.08) = 2611 2611 (2611 ? 0.00269) = 971 – 971 3. (1.50 ? 46.1) = 0.00325 (4.18 ? 9.7 ? 82.73) = 3354 3354 (3354 ? 0.00325) = 1032 – 1032 4. (1.75 ? 46.1) = 0.00380 (4.18 ? 10 ? 82.55) = 3451 3451 (3451 ? 0.00380) = 908 – 908 5. (1.31 ? 46.1) = 0.00284 (4.18 ? 6.8 ? 82.3) = 2339 2339 (2339 ? 0.00284) = 823 – 823 Since the combustion of ethanol is an exothermic reaction, the sign of is negative. Hence from the above five trials an average value of the enthalpy of combustion can be taken as the following: Fair Test: 1. The experimental procedure is carried out in a safe environment under the same environmental conditions on the same day. 2. The time taken for each trial i.e. one and a half minute time period was followed as accurately as possible and with as much efficiency to avoid errors. 3. The stopwatch is used accurately and was reset after each trial reading. 4. While stirring the water alongside the experimental procedure one made sure that one did not disturb the digital thermometer in any possible way as even a small disturbance could affect the temperature readings obtained. Safe Test: 1. One used safety glasses and goggles while conducting the experiment to protect oneself from any chemical hazards. 2. Once the time period of one and a half minutes has elapsed, the cap of the spirit flame was placed over the wick of the spirit lamp with precision and safety. 3. Before starting the experiment, one made a double check about all the equipment being used in the experiment and whether the equipment is efficient or not. 4. One made use of the experimental hazcards that were given to one in order to prevent any chemical hazards from occurring. Errors and Analysis: The data booklet value for the standard enthalpy of combustion of ethanol is -1371 KJ/mol. Hence the percentage error for this experimental procedure is: = [(1371 – 948) ? 1371] ? 100 = 30.9? This error is large and cannot be accounted for by the uncertainties in the experimental measurements. The major uncertainties lie in the underlying assumptions used in the experimental procedure such as the following: 1. It is assumed that complete combustion of ethanol takes place. However the fact that when ethanol was being burnt in air, it burnt with a yellow flame and the black soot on the calorimeter indicated that carbon, one of the products of incomplete combustion was also formed. 2. It is assumed that all the heat from the reaction was transferred to the distilled water in the calorimeter. It is true that some of the heat would have indeed been lost round the sides of the calorimeter and also from the inner system to the surroundings. 3. It is assumed that the glass stirrer, the digital thermometer and the calorimeter were not absorbing any heat but in reality these instruments are also being heated. 4. It is assumed that none of the ethanol escaped through evaporation during the time the flame was extinguished and the spirit lamp and its contents were reweighed. However, ethanol is a volatile liquid and the fact that the spirit lamp was hot indicates that some of it would have evaporated. Conclusion: In the carried experimental procedure one has determined the enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol when one mole of ethanol is burned completely with the help of a spirit lamp for a time period of one and a half minutes. One has successfully proven the hypothesis that has been made earlier. I had predicted beforehand that the reaction-taking place in the experimental procedure is an exothermic one. The fact that heat is given out when ethanol is burnt has been depicted by the temperature rise of the distilled water present in the calorimeter. Hence it is clearly evident that the combustion reaction of ethanol is an exothermic reaction. Suggestions for Improvement / Evaluation: 1. There should not be any disturbance in the room where the experiment is being conducted as one is trying to prevent any interference to the internal system. 2. While conducting the experiment, one should use a shield like device in order to cover the entire apparatus and prevent any heat transfer between the surrounding and the internal system. 3. More efficient equipment should be used in the conducted experimental procedure.